328 research outputs found

    Marginal Cost Versus Average Cost Pricing with Climatic Shocks in Senegal: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model Applied to Water

    Get PDF
    The model simulates on a 20-year horizon, a first phase of increase in the water resource availability taking into account the supply policies by the Senegalese government and a second phase with hydrologic deficits due to demand evolution (demographic growth). The results show that marginal cost water pricing (with a subsidy ensuring the survival of the water production sector) makes it possible in the long term to absorb the shock of the resource shortage, GDP, investment and welfare increase. Unemployment drops and the sectors of rain rice, market gardening and drinking water distribution grow. In contrast, the current policy of average cost pricing of water leads the long-term economy in a recession with an agricultural production decrease, a strong degradation of welfare and a rise of unemployment. This result questions the basic tariff (average cost) on which block water pricing is based in Senegal.Computable General Equilibrium Model, Dynamic, Imperfect Competition, Water, Pricing, Sub Saharan Africa

    What are Households Willing to Pay for Better Tap Water Quality ? A Cross-Country Valuation Study

    Get PDF
    Using a unique cross-section sample from 10 OECD countries, we estimate willingness to pay for better quality of tap water. On the pooled sample, households are only willing to pay 7.5% of the median annual water bill to improve the quality of tap water. The highest relative willingness to pay for better tap water quality was found in the countries with the highest percentage of respondents being unsatisfied with tap water quality because of health concerns. The median willingness to pay in Mexico, Korea and Italy was estimated at 10.1%, 6.4% and 8.8% of the median water bill. The marginal willingness to pay increased with income, education, environmental concern, trust in information from government, and specific concerns with water quality.Contingent valuation, tobit model, water quality, willingness to pay.

    Poverty eradication by improving waste collection: an African case study

    Get PDF
    The article analyzes data from a Contingent Valuation survey that we conduced in 2014 among 402 households in low-income settlements of Abidjan in order firstly, to identify the determinants of stated demand for an informal waste collection service and secondly, to evaluate the benefits of using this service on different impact variables linked to human development. Indeed, households are exposed to negative externalities (odours, insects, health risks, loss of quality of life) that could lead them wish to offset the loss of utility with an individual investment in the informal service. The article contributes to the academic literature and gives recommendations in terms of economic policy applied to the waste sector in Africa. Firstly, our study identifies the determinants of stated demand for the informal service and the ability of households to finance an improved service. Secondly, the article evaluates the beneficial effects of using the informal service by the propensy score method. We evaluate the impact of the use of the informal service on the monthly amount that households are willing to pay for the improved service. We quantify the benefits in terms of socioeconomic and human development

    L'Ă©volution des rapports de contrĂŽle et de surveillance entre le ministĂšre de la Famille et de l'Enfance (MFE) et les Centres de la petite enfance (CPE)

    Get PDF
    L'institutionnalisation des services de garde Ă  la petite enfance reprĂ©sente une opportunitĂ© majeure pour les personnels des services de garde et pour les parents. Elle reprĂ©sente aussi une contrainte potentielle eu Ă©gard Ă  l'autonomie de gestion et Ă  l'innovation sociale dans ce secteur. L'Ă©tude porte sur les relations « contractuelles » rĂ©ciproques entre le MFE et les CPE et les impacts, Ă©galement rĂ©ciproques, des pratiques internes de gestion dans les CPE. Nous avons concentrĂ© notre Ă©tude sur les rapports « contractuels » (financement, rapports d'activitĂ©s, vĂ©rification comptable, contrĂŽle budgĂ©taire, normes, indicateurs de gestion, conventions collectives, modes de nĂ©gociation et d'application des conventions collectives, mode d'Ă©tablissement de la normalisation des salaires Ă  tout le secteur des CPE), afin de comprendre comment s'Ă©laborent ces pratiques et d'identifier leurs caractĂ©ristiques et leurs effets sur l'autonomie de gestion des CPE, l'organisation du travail et la participation des parents. Notre Ă©tude a portĂ© sur une analyse de la documentation Ă©crite pertinente et sur 43 entrevues rĂ©alisĂ©es auprĂšs des acteurs provinciaux et auprĂšs de 9 CPE. Nous avons conclu que le dĂ©veloppement du rĂ©seau des CPE a reposĂ© sur un investissement important de l'État qui laisse une grande autonomie aux CPE. Les pratiques de contrĂŽle et de surveillance font l'objet d'une co-construction qui repose sur des logiques d'institutionnalisation concertĂ©e. Nous reconnaissons toutefois que cette co-construction, qui rĂ©unit dĂ©sormais plus d'acteurs (MFE, Conseil du TrĂ©sor, centrales syndicales, CPE, regroupements rĂ©gionaux, syndicats locaux, ordres professionnels, mouvements sociaux, etc.), peut gĂ©nĂ©rer davantage de rĂšgles et nĂ©cessiter plus de compromis de la part de l'ensemble des acteurs, et des CPE en particulier, compte tenu des rapports (de production, de service et de surveillance) et des dimensions (organisationnelle, institutionnelle, des rapports sociaux) qui sont Ă  l'oeuvre. Enfin, nous suggĂ©rons que le sentiment de contrainte vĂ©cu par les acteurs des CPE s'explique en partie par la dĂ©lĂ©gation de la dimension « politique » aux regroupements rĂ©gionaux et provinciaux. Sur le plan pratique, l'Ă©tude montre qu'une meilleure connaissance des pratiques de surveillance par les acteurs leur permettrait : 1) de se positionner par rapport Ă  celles-c ;, 2) de sĂ©lectionner celles qu'ils valorisent et 3) d'entreprendre des discussions pour modifier celles qui font l'objet de tensions

    Quelle politique tarifaire de l'eau en Afrique subsaharienne ? Spécifications pour la construction d'un ModÚle d'Equilibre Général Calculable (MEGC) intégrant un secteur informel de l'eau

    Get PDF
    International audienceL'article propose de construire un modĂšle d'Ă©quilibre gĂ©nĂ©ral calculable (MEGC) permettant de dĂ©crire et de comprendre les canaux de transmission des chocs de politique tarifaire de l'eau en Afrique subsaharienne. Il se concentre sur les secteurs utilisateurs de la ressource en eau, c'est-Ă -dire sur les secteurs de production et de distribution d'eau potable et, sur le secteur agricole. Plus encore, compte tenu du nombre important d'opĂ©rateurs informels intervenant dans la distribution de l'eau, l'accent est plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment portĂ© sur les possibilitĂ©s de substitution et d'arbitrage entre les segments formel et informel de ce marchĂ©. La question traitĂ©e est celle des effets de changements de politique tarifaire de l'eau sur l'Ă©volution respective des deux segments en terme de distribution d'eau potable et d'emplois. Quels seront les impacts en termes d'efficacitĂ© et d'Ă©quitĂ© ainsi que sur le bien-ĂȘtre global ? La premiĂšre partie traite de la spĂ©cificitĂ© (dualitĂ©) du marchĂ© de distribution d'eau potable en Afrique subsaharienne pour dĂ©montrer son impact en terme d'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© sur les prix de l'eau supportĂ©s par les mĂ©nages. Elle justifie l'effort de rĂ©flexion entrepris sur les possibilitĂ©s de tarification de l'eau qui seront envisagĂ©es comme scenarii dans le MEGC. La seconde partie porte sur les spĂ©cifications du modĂšle en prĂ©sentant les justifications (Ă  la fois thĂ©oriques, Ă  partir d'une revue de la littĂ©rature, et, empiriques, Ă  partir des constats prĂ©sentĂ©s dans la premiĂšre partie) des choix de modĂ©lisation des diffĂ©rents secteurs productifs et agents de l'Ă©conomie dĂ©crite. L'accent est mis sur le comportement des producteurs, des mĂ©nages, de l'Etat et des relations avec l'extĂ©rieur

    Hydrothermal liquefaction process of food waste in batch and continuous lab scale reactors

    Get PDF
    Due to the energy burden that represents the drying step, wet biomass is often underexploited for energy purpose. Indeed, this step represents one of the most energy consuming step in a thermochemical process and is often economically prohibitive. During hydrothermal liquefaction, conversion of biomass takes place at temperatures between 250 and 374 °C and at pressures above the saturation pressure to ensure that water remains in the liquid phase, typically above 100 bars, avoiding enthalpy energy penalties [1]. To avoid competitive use of land for food supply and excessive cost of entrance biomass, blackcurrant pomace and brewery’s spent grains have been selected and tested on liquefaction as food residues. Experiments have been carried out in a 600 mL batch reactor (PARR), allowing maximum temperature of 320°C and maximum pressure of 130 bars. Effects of operating parameters such as temperature and holding time, biomass pretreatment and reactor configuration are investigated on mass yields, aqueous phase composition and energy balance. Results obtained in the batch reactor constitute the reference of this study, in the comprehension of the mechanism of the liquefaction of food residues. Also, these results form the basis for a model to scale up the process, and are confronted to the results on a continuous lab scale plant. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

    Heat of reaction of hydrothermal liquefaction reactions

    Get PDF
    Wet waste streams include a wide variety of products such as food processing residues, sewage sludge but also the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Humidity typically varies from 50 to above 90 %. Dewatering and drying is possible for most feedstocks but at a significant cost. Hydrothermal liquefaction produces a biocrude that can be further upgraded into biofuels. The conversion takes place at temperatures between 250 and 400 °C and at pressures above the saturation pressure to ensure that water remains in the liquid phase, typically above 100 bar [1]. Even though the basic principles of hydrothermal liquefaction are well known, there are still some significant scientific questions and technical issues. One of the important questions that remain is the heat of reaction and the heat balance of the reaction. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract
    • 

    corecore